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No. 280 | february 202537IntroductionIn modern Islamic history, two approaches have emerged regarding the idea of disavowal of polytheists and engaging with religious and political adversaries. The first approach, as articulated by Imam Khomeini, is grounded in Quranic principles, the practices of the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him and his progeny) and the Ahl al-Bayt (PBUT), and aims to revitalize the Islamic Ummah and challenge global arrogance. The second approach is exemplified by the extremist ideology of ISIS, which is characterized by radical and militant exegeses of religious texts, leading to the excommunication and elimination of opponents, including fellow Muslims. This article elucidates the primary differences between these two approaches.Distancing oneself from polytheists is mentioned in the Holy Quran, particularly in Surah al-Tawbah (verses 1-3). In these verses, the Prophet (PBUH) is instructed to express his aversion towards polytheists and to terminate their treaties. This declaration of separation is intended to safeguard the unity of the Islamic Ummah and to counteract the enemies of Islam.During the Prophet%u2019s lifetime, he interacted with polytheists and People of the Book based on ethical and humane principles, only engaging in conflict when they started hostilities. This approach is also observable in the behavior of the Ahl al-Bayt (PBUT).The ideology of ISIS diverges significantly from the idea of separation from polytheists in terms of its foundations, methods, goals, and treatment of people and society. These points highlight these differences in a comparative and analytical manner:
